Plagiarism and AI Policy

Authors may use artificial intelligence tools to help check grammar, spelling and language. They must not use such tools to write the paper’s argument, analysis or conclusions, or to produce citations.

An AI tool cannot be an author, because it cannot take responsibility for the work. Authors who used an AI tool for anything beyond language editing must say which tool they used and how, in a note at the end of the paper. Authors remain fully responsible for everything in their paper, including any errors an AI tool introduced. Every citation must be checked against the original source, since invented or inaccurate references are treated as misconduct.

Reviewers and editors must not upload a manuscript, or any part of it, to an AI tool, because doing so breaches the confidentiality of the review.